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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Vivamus aliquet erat quis nibh vehicula, condimentum placerat lectus iaculis. Nam ultricies nisi vel ligula pulvinar, quis dapibus velit iaculis. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. In vitae nunc tincidunt, euismod nibh sit amet, convallis arcu. Vestibulum feugiat auctor auctor. Phasellus lacinia auctor metus, in posuere justo egestas eget. Vivamus ornare tincidunt sagittis. Nunc pretium magna eu est condimentum malesuada. Nunc arcu nulla, fringilla in sodales sed, laoreet eget mi. Fusce ac suscipit turpis, sed porttitor mauris.

Integer convallis justo augue, et condimentum tortor scelerisque ut. Ut mattis ullamcorper lacinia. Donec dignissim eu dui non ultrices. Fusce ullamcorper suscipit ante, eget ultrices ipsum faucibus sagittis. Nunc eu elit orci. Etiam id orci vitae mauris bibendum molestie sit amet sed neque. Cras malesuada vulputate orci sed molestie. Phasellus accumsan nunc sit amet egestas suscipit. Duis non ipsum ac risus consequat dapibus placerat sed dui. Sed vitae risus scelerisque purus euismod ornare. Phasellus ultricies ante vitae molestie adipiscing.

• Date Published: 05/01/2014
• Categories: Photography
• Client: DrupalEXP
• Skills: Web Design, Programming
• Website: http://demo.themesvision.com/

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Mucius regione

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Eligendi vituperata

Sapientem ocurreret

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<?php

/**
* @file
* Provides Unicode-related conversions and operations.
*/

/**
 * Indicates an error during check for PHP unicode support.
 */
define('UNICODE_ERROR', -1);

/**
 * Indicates that standard PHP (emulated) unicode support is being used.
 */
define('UNICODE_SINGLEBYTE', 0);

/**
 * Indicates that full unicode support with the PHP mbstring extension is being
 * used.
 */
define('UNICODE_MULTIBYTE', 1);

/**
 * Matches Unicode characters that are word boundaries.
 *
 * Characters with the following General_category (gc) property values are used
 * as word boundaries. While this does not fully conform to the Word Boundaries
 * algorithm described in http://unicode.org/reports/tr29, as PCRE does not
 * contain the Word_Break property table, this simpler algorithm has to do.
 * - Cc, Cf, Cn, Co, Cs: Other.
 * - Pc, Pd, Pe, Pf, Pi, Po, Ps: Punctuation.
 * - Sc, Sk, Sm, So: Symbols.
 * - Zl, Zp, Zs: Separators.
 *
 * Non-boundary characters include the following General_category (gc) property
 * values:
 * - Ll, Lm, Lo, Lt, Lu: Letters.
 * - Mc, Me, Mn: Combining Marks.
 * - Nd, Nl, No: Numbers.
 *
 * Note that the PCRE property matcher is not used because we wanted to be
 * compatible with Unicode 5.2.0 regardless of the PCRE version used (and any
 * bugs in PCRE property tables).
 *
 * @see http://unicode.org/glossary
 */
define('PREG_CLASS_UNICODE_WORD_BOUNDARY',
  '\x{0}-\x{2F}\x{3A}-\x{40}\x{5B}-\x{60}\x{7B}-\x{A9}\x{AB}-\x{B1}\x{B4}' .
  '\x{B6}-\x{B8}\x{BB}\x{BF}\x{D7}\x{F7}\x{2C2}-\x{2C5}\x{2D2}-\x{2DF}' .
  '\x{2E5}-\x{2EB}\x{2ED}\x{2EF}-\x{2FF}\x{375}\x{37E}-\x{385}\x{387}\x{3F6}' .
  '\x{482}\x{55A}-\x{55F}\x{589}-\x{58A}\x{5BE}\x{5C0}\x{5C3}\x{5C6}' .
  '\x{5F3}-\x{60F}\x{61B}-\x{61F}\x{66A}-\x{66D}\x{6D4}\x{6DD}\x{6E9}' .
  '\x{6FD}-\x{6FE}\x{700}-\x{70F}\x{7F6}-\x{7F9}\x{830}-\x{83E}' .
  '\x{964}-\x{965}\x{970}\x{9F2}-\x{9F3}\x{9FA}-\x{9FB}\x{AF1}\x{B70}' .
  '\x{BF3}-\x{BFA}\x{C7F}\x{CF1}-\x{CF2}\x{D79}\x{DF4}\x{E3F}\x{E4F}' .
  '\x{E5A}-\x{E5B}\x{F01}-\x{F17}\x{F1A}-\x{F1F}\x{F34}\x{F36}\x{F38}' .
  '\x{F3A}-\x{F3D}\x{F85}\x{FBE}-\x{FC5}\x{FC7}-\x{FD8}\x{104A}-\x{104F}' .
  '\x{109E}-\x{109F}\x{10FB}\x{1360}-\x{1368}\x{1390}-\x{1399}\x{1400}' .
  '\x{166D}-\x{166E}\x{1680}\x{169B}-\x{169C}\x{16EB}-\x{16ED}' .
  '\x{1735}-\x{1736}\x{17B4}-\x{17B5}\x{17D4}-\x{17D6}\x{17D8}-\x{17DB}' .
  '\x{1800}-\x{180A}\x{180E}\x{1940}-\x{1945}\x{19DE}-\x{19FF}' .
  '\x{1A1E}-\x{1A1F}\x{1AA0}-\x{1AA6}\x{1AA8}-\x{1AAD}\x{1B5A}-\x{1B6A}' .
  '\x{1B74}-\x{1B7C}\x{1C3B}-\x{1C3F}\x{1C7E}-\x{1C7F}\x{1CD3}\x{1FBD}' .
  '\x{1FBF}-\x{1FC1}\x{1FCD}-\x{1FCF}\x{1FDD}-\x{1FDF}\x{1FED}-\x{1FEF}' .
  '\x{1FFD}-\x{206F}\x{207A}-\x{207E}\x{208A}-\x{208E}\x{20A0}-\x{20B8}' .
  '\x{2100}-\x{2101}\x{2103}-\x{2106}\x{2108}-\x{2109}\x{2114}' .
  '\x{2116}-\x{2118}\x{211E}-\x{2123}\x{2125}\x{2127}\x{2129}\x{212E}' .
  '\x{213A}-\x{213B}\x{2140}-\x{2144}\x{214A}-\x{214D}\x{214F}' .
  '\x{2190}-\x{244A}\x{249C}-\x{24E9}\x{2500}-\x{2775}\x{2794}-\x{2B59}' .
  '\x{2CE5}-\x{2CEA}\x{2CF9}-\x{2CFC}\x{2CFE}-\x{2CFF}\x{2E00}-\x{2E2E}' .
  '\x{2E30}-\x{3004}\x{3008}-\x{3020}\x{3030}\x{3036}-\x{3037}' .
  '\x{303D}-\x{303F}\x{309B}-\x{309C}\x{30A0}\x{30FB}\x{3190}-\x{3191}' .
  '\x{3196}-\x{319F}\x{31C0}-\x{31E3}\x{3200}-\x{321E}\x{322A}-\x{3250}' .
  '\x{3260}-\x{327F}\x{328A}-\x{32B0}\x{32C0}-\x{33FF}\x{4DC0}-\x{4DFF}' .
  '\x{A490}-\x{A4C6}\x{A4FE}-\x{A4FF}\x{A60D}-\x{A60F}\x{A673}\x{A67E}' .
  '\x{A6F2}-\x{A716}\x{A720}-\x{A721}\x{A789}-\x{A78A}\x{A828}-\x{A82B}' .
  '\x{A836}-\x{A839}\x{A874}-\x{A877}\x{A8CE}-\x{A8CF}\x{A8F8}-\x{A8FA}' .
  '\x{A92E}-\x{A92F}\x{A95F}\x{A9C1}-\x{A9CD}\x{A9DE}-\x{A9DF}' .
  '\x{AA5C}-\x{AA5F}\x{AA77}-\x{AA79}\x{AADE}-\x{AADF}\x{ABEB}' .
  '\x{E000}-\x{F8FF}\x{FB29}\x{FD3E}-\x{FD3F}\x{FDFC}-\x{FDFD}' .
  '\x{FE10}-\x{FE19}\x{FE30}-\x{FE6B}\x{FEFF}-\x{FF0F}\x{FF1A}-\x{FF20}' .
  '\x{FF3B}-\x{FF40}\x{FF5B}-\x{FF65}\x{FFE0}-\x{FFFD}');

/**
 * Wrapper around _unicode_check().
 */
function unicode_check() {
  list($GLOBALS['multibyte']) = _unicode_check();
}

/**
 * Perform checks about Unicode support in PHP, and set the right settings if
 * needed.
 *
 * Because Drupal needs to be able to handle text in various encodings, we do
 * not support mbstring function overloading. HTTP input/output conversion must
 * be disabled for similar reasons.
 *
 * @param $errors
 *   Whether to report any fatal errors with form_set_error().
 */
function _unicode_check() {
  // Ensure translations don't break during installation.
  $t = get_t();

  // Check for mbstring extension
  if (!function_exists('mb_strlen')) {
    return array(UNICODE_SINGLEBYTE, $t('Operations on Unicode strings are emulated on a best-effort basis. Install the <a href="@url">PHP mbstring extension</a> for improved Unicode support.', array('@url' => 'http://www.php.net/mbstring')));
  }

  // Check mbstring configuration
  if (ini_get('mbstring.func_overload') != 0) {
    return array(UNICODE_ERROR, $t('Multibyte string function overloading in PHP is active and must be disabled. Check the php.ini <em>mbstring.func_overload</em> setting. Please refer to the <a href="@url">PHP mbstring documentation</a> for more information.', array('@url' => 'http://www.php.net/mbstring')));
  }
  if (ini_get('mbstring.encoding_translation') != 0) {
    return array(UNICODE_ERROR, $t('Multibyte string input conversion in PHP is active and must be disabled. Check the php.ini <em>mbstring.encoding_translation</em> setting. Please refer to the <a href="@url">PHP mbstring documentation</a> for more information.', array('@url' => 'http://www.php.net/mbstring')));
  }
  // mbstring.http_input and mbstring.http_output are deprecated and empty by
  // default in PHP 5.6.
  if (version_compare(PHP_VERSION, '5.6.0') == -1) {
    if (ini_get('mbstring.http_input') != 'pass') {
      return array(UNICODE_ERROR, $t('Multibyte string input conversion in PHP is active and must be disabled. Check the php.ini <em>mbstring.http_input</em> setting. Please refer to the <a href="@url">PHP mbstring documentation</a> for more information.', array('@url' => 'http://www.php.net/mbstring')));
    }
    if (ini_get('mbstring.http_output') != 'pass') {
      return array(UNICODE_ERROR, $t('Multibyte string output conversion in PHP is active and must be disabled. Check the php.ini <em>mbstring.http_output</em> setting. Please refer to the <a href="@url">PHP mbstring documentation</a> for more information.', array('@url' => 'http://www.php.net/mbstring')));
    }
  }

  // Set appropriate configuration
  mb_internal_encoding('utf-8');
  mb_language('uni');
  return array(UNICODE_MULTIBYTE, '');
}

/**
 * Returns Unicode library status and errors.
 */
function unicode_requirements() {
  // Ensure translations don't break during installation.
  $t = get_t();

  $libraries = array(
    UNICODE_SINGLEBYTE => $t('Standard PHP'),
    UNICODE_MULTIBYTE => $t('PHP Mbstring Extension'),
    UNICODE_ERROR => $t('Error'),
  );
  $severities = array(
    UNICODE_SINGLEBYTE => REQUIREMENT_WARNING,
    UNICODE_MULTIBYTE => REQUIREMENT_OK,
    UNICODE_ERROR => REQUIREMENT_ERROR,
  );
  list($library, $description) = _unicode_check();

  $requirements['unicode'] = array(
    'title' => $t('Unicode library'),
    'value' => $libraries[$library],
  );
  if ($description) {
    $requirements['unicode']['description'] = $description;
  }

  $requirements['unicode']['severity'] = $severities[$library];

  return $requirements;
}

/**
 * Prepares a new XML parser.
 *
 * This is a wrapper around xml_parser_create() which extracts the encoding
 * from the XML data first and sets the output encoding to UTF-8. This function
 * should be used instead of xml_parser_create(), because PHP 4's XML parser
 * doesn't check the input encoding itself. "Starting from PHP 5, the input
 * encoding is automatically detected, so that the encoding parameter specifies
 * only the output encoding."
 *
 * This is also where unsupported encodings will be converted. Callers should
 * take this into account: $data might have been changed after the call.
 *
 * @param $data
 *   The XML data which will be parsed later.
 *
 * @return
 *   An XML parser object or FALSE on error.
 *
 * @ingroup php_wrappers
 */
function drupal_xml_parser_create(&$data) {
  // Default XML encoding is UTF-8
  $encoding = 'utf-8';
  $bom = FALSE;

  // Check for UTF-8 byte order mark (PHP5's XML parser doesn't handle it).
  if (!strncmp($data, "\xEF\xBB\xBF", 3)) {
    $bom = TRUE;
    $data = substr($data, 3);
  }

  // Check for an encoding declaration in the XML prolog if no BOM was found.
  if (!$bom && preg_match('/^<\?xml[^>]+encoding="(.+?)"/', $data, $match)) {
    $encoding = $match[1];
  }

  // Unsupported encodings are converted here into UTF-8.
  $php_supported = array('utf-8', 'iso-8859-1', 'us-ascii');
  if (!in_array(strtolower($encoding), $php_supported)) {
    $out = drupal_convert_to_utf8($data, $encoding);
    if ($out !== FALSE) {
      $encoding = 'utf-8';
      $data = preg_replace('/^(<\?xml[^>]+encoding)="(.+?)"/', '\\1="utf-8"', $out);
    }
    else {
      watchdog('php', 'Could not convert XML encoding %s to UTF-8.', array('%s' => $encoding), WATCHDOG_WARNING);
      return FALSE;
    }
  }

  $xml_parser = xml_parser_create($encoding);
  xml_parser_set_option($xml_parser, XML_OPTION_TARGET_ENCODING, 'utf-8');
  return $xml_parser;
}

/**
 * Converts data to UTF-8.
 *
 * Requires the iconv, GNU recode or mbstring PHP extension.
 *
 * @param $data
 *   The data to be converted.
 * @param $encoding
 *   The encoding that the data is in.
 *
 * @return
 *   Converted data or FALSE.
 */
function drupal_convert_to_utf8($data, $encoding) {
  if (function_exists('iconv')) {
    $out = @iconv($encoding, 'utf-8', $data);
  }
  elseif (function_exists('mb_convert_encoding')) {
    $out = @mb_convert_encoding($data, 'utf-8', $encoding);
  }
  elseif (function_exists('recode_string')) {
    $out = @recode_string($encoding . '..utf-8', $data);
  }
  else {
    watchdog('php', 'Unsupported encoding %s. Please install iconv, GNU recode or mbstring for PHP.', array('%s' => $encoding), WATCHDOG_ERROR);
    return FALSE;
  }

  return $out;
}

/**
 * Truncates a UTF-8-encoded string safely to a number of bytes.
 *
 * If the end position is in the middle of a UTF-8 sequence, it scans backwards
 * until the beginning of the byte sequence.
 *
 * Use this function whenever you want to chop off a string at an unsure
 * location. On the other hand, if you're sure that you're splitting on a
 * character boundary (e.g. after using strpos() or similar), you can safely
 * use substr() instead.
 *
 * @param $string
 *   The string to truncate.
 * @param $len
 *   An upper limit on the returned string length.
 *
 * @return
 *   The truncated string.
 */
function drupal_truncate_bytes($string, $len) {
  if (strlen($string) <= $len) {
    return $string;
  }
  if ((ord($string[$len]) < 0x80) || (ord($string[$len]) >= 0xC0)) {
    return substr($string, 0, $len);
  }
  // Scan backwards to beginning of the byte sequence.
  while (--$len >= 0 && ord($string[$len]) >= 0x80 && ord($string[$len]) < 0xC0);

  return substr($string, 0, $len);
}

/**
 * Truncates a UTF-8-encoded string safely to a number of characters.
 *
 * @param $string
 *   The string to truncate.
 * @param $max_length
 *   An upper limit on the returned string length, including trailing ellipsis
 *   if $add_ellipsis is TRUE.
 * @param $wordsafe
 *   If TRUE, attempt to truncate on a word boundary. Word boundaries are
 *   spaces, punctuation, and Unicode characters used as word boundaries in
 *   non-Latin languages; see PREG_CLASS_UNICODE_WORD_BOUNDARY for more
 *   information. If a word boundary cannot be found that would make the length
 *   of the returned string fall within length guidelines (see parameters
 *   $max_length and $min_wordsafe_length), word boundaries are ignored.
 * @param $add_ellipsis
 *   If TRUE, add t('...') to the end of the truncated string (defaults to
 *   FALSE). The string length will still fall within $max_length.
 * @param $min_wordsafe_length
 *   If $wordsafe is TRUE, the minimum acceptable length for truncation (before
 *   adding an ellipsis, if $add_ellipsis is TRUE). Has no effect if $wordsafe
 *   is FALSE. This can be used to prevent having a very short resulting string
 *   that will not be understandable. For instance, if you are truncating the
 *   string "See myverylongurlexample.com for more information" to a word-safe
 *   return length of 20, the only available word boundary within 20 characters
 *   is after the word "See", which wouldn't leave a very informative string. If
 *   you had set $min_wordsafe_length to 10, though, the function would realise
 *   that "See" alone is too short, and would then just truncate ignoring word
 *   boundaries, giving you "See myverylongurl..." (assuming you had set
 *   $add_ellipses to TRUE).
 *
 * @return string
 *   The truncated string.
 */
function truncate_utf8($string, $max_length, $wordsafe = FALSE, $add_ellipsis = FALSE, $min_wordsafe_length = 1) {
  $ellipsis = '';
  $max_length = max($max_length, 0);
  $min_wordsafe_length = max($min_wordsafe_length, 0);

  if (drupal_strlen($string) <= $max_length) {
    // No truncation needed, so don't add ellipsis, just return.
    return $string;
  }

  if ($add_ellipsis) {
    // Truncate ellipsis in case $max_length is small.
    $ellipsis = drupal_substr(t('...'), 0, $max_length);
    $max_length -= drupal_strlen($ellipsis);
    $max_length = max($max_length, 0);
  }

  if ($max_length <= $min_wordsafe_length) {
    // Do not attempt word-safe if lengths are bad.
    $wordsafe = FALSE;
  }

  if ($wordsafe) {
    $matches = array();
    // Find the last word boundary, if there is one within $min_wordsafe_length
    // to $max_length characters. preg_match() is always greedy, so it will
    // find the longest string possible.
    $found = preg_match('/^(.{' . $min_wordsafe_length . ',' . $max_length . '})[' . PREG_CLASS_UNICODE_WORD_BOUNDARY . ']/u', $string, $matches);
    if ($found) {
      $string = $matches[1];
    }
    else {
      $string = drupal_substr($string, 0, $max_length);
    }
  }
  else {
    $string = drupal_substr($string, 0, $max_length);
  }

  if ($add_ellipsis) {
    $string .= $ellipsis;
  }

  return $string;
}

/**
 * Encodes MIME/HTTP header values that contain incorrectly encoded characters.
 *
 * For example, mime_header_encode('tést.txt') returns "=?UTF-8?B?dMOpc3QudHh0?=".
 *
 * See http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2047.txt for more information.
 *
 * Notes:
 * - Only encode strings that contain non-ASCII characters.
 * - We progressively cut-off a chunk with truncate_utf8(). This is to ensure
 *   each chunk starts and ends on a character boundary.
 * - Using \n as the chunk separator may cause problems on some systems and may
 *   have to be changed to \r\n or \r.
 *
 * @param $string
 *   The header to encode.
 *
 * @return string
 *   The mime-encoded header.
 *
 * @see mime_header_decode()
 */
function mime_header_encode($string) {
  if (preg_match('/[^\x20-\x7E]/', $string)) {
    $chunk_size = 47; // floor((75 - strlen("=?UTF-8?B??=")) * 0.75);
    $len = strlen($string);
    $output = '';
    while ($len > 0) {
      $chunk = drupal_truncate_bytes($string, $chunk_size);
      $output .= ' =?UTF-8?B?' . base64_encode($chunk) . "?=\n";
      $c = strlen($chunk);
      $string = substr($string, $c);
      $len -= $c;
    }
    return trim($output);
  }
  return $string;
}

/**
 * Decodes MIME/HTTP encoded header values.
 *
 * @param $header
 *   The header to decode.
 *
 * @return string
 *   The mime-decoded header.
 *
 * @see mime_header_encode()
 */
function mime_header_decode($header) {
  // First step: encoded chunks followed by other encoded chunks (need to collapse whitespace)
  $header = preg_replace_callback('/=\?([^?]+)\?(Q|B)\?([^?]+|\?(?!=))\?=\s+(?==\?)/', '_mime_header_decode', $header);
  // Second step: remaining chunks (do not collapse whitespace)
  return preg_replace_callback('/=\?([^?]+)\?(Q|B)\?([^?]+|\?(?!=))\?=/', '_mime_header_decode', $header);
}

/**
 * Decodes encoded header data passed from mime_header_decode().
 *
 * Callback for preg_replace_callback() within mime_header_decode().
 *
 * @param $matches
 *   The array of matches from preg_replace_callback().
 *
 * @return string
 *   The mime-decoded string.
 *
 * @see mime_header_decode()
 */
function _mime_header_decode($matches) {
  // Regexp groups:
  // 1: Character set name
  // 2: Escaping method (Q or B)
  // 3: Encoded data
  $data = ($matches[2] == 'B') ? base64_decode($matches[3]) : str_replace('_', ' ', quoted_printable_decode($matches[3]));
  if (strtolower($matches[1]) != 'utf-8') {
    $data = drupal_convert_to_utf8($data, $matches[1]);
  }
  return $data;
}

/**
 * Decodes all HTML entities (including numerical ones) to regular UTF-8 bytes.
 *
 * Double-escaped entities will only be decoded once ("&amp;lt;" becomes "&lt;"
 * , not "<"). Be careful when using this function, as decode_entities can
 * revert previous sanitization efforts (&lt;script&gt; will become <script>).
 *
 * @param $text
 *   The text to decode entities in.
 *
 * @return
 *   The input $text, with all HTML entities decoded once.
 */
function decode_entities($text) {
  return html_entity_decode($text, ENT_QUOTES, 'UTF-8');
}

/**
 * Counts the number of characters in a UTF-8 string.
 *
 * This is less than or equal to the byte count.
 *
 * @param $text
 *   The string to run the operation on.
 *
 * @return integer
 *   The length of the string.
 *
 * @ingroup php_wrappers
 */
function drupal_strlen($text) {
  global $multibyte;
  if ($multibyte == UNICODE_MULTIBYTE) {
    return mb_strlen($text);
  }
  else {
    // Do not count UTF-8 continuation bytes.
    return strlen(preg_replace("/[\x80-\xBF]/", '', $text));
  }
}

/**
 * Uppercase a UTF-8 string.
 *
 * @param $text
 *   The string to run the operation on.
 *
 * @return string
 *   The string in uppercase.
 *
 * @ingroup php_wrappers
 */
function drupal_strtoupper($text) {
  global $multibyte;
  if ($multibyte == UNICODE_MULTIBYTE) {
    return mb_strtoupper($text);
  }
  else {
    // Use C-locale for ASCII-only uppercase
    $text = strtoupper($text);
    // Case flip Latin-1 accented letters
    $text = preg_replace_callback('/\xC3[\xA0-\xB6\xB8-\xBE]/', '_unicode_caseflip', $text);
    return $text;
  }
}

/**
 * Lowercase a UTF-8 string.
 *
 * @param $text
 *   The string to run the operation on.
 *
 * @return string
 *   The string in lowercase.
 *
 * @ingroup php_wrappers
 */
function drupal_strtolower($text) {
  global $multibyte;
  if ($multibyte == UNICODE_MULTIBYTE) {
    return mb_strtolower($text);
  }
  else {
    // Use C-locale for ASCII-only lowercase
    $text = strtolower($text);
    // Case flip Latin-1 accented letters
    $text = preg_replace_callback('/\xC3[\x80-\x96\x98-\x9E]/', '_unicode_caseflip', $text);
    return $text;
  }
}

/**
 * Flips U+C0-U+DE to U+E0-U+FD and back.
 *
 * @param $matches
 *   An array of matches.
 *
 * @return array
 *   The Latin-1 version of the array of matches.
 *
 * @see drupal_strtolower()
 */
function _unicode_caseflip($matches) {
  return $matches[0][0] . chr(ord($matches[0][1]) ^ 32);
}

/**
 * Capitalizes the first letter of a UTF-8 string.
 *
 * @param $text
 *   The string to convert.
 *
 * @return
 *   The string with the first letter as uppercase.
 *
 * @ingroup php_wrappers
 */
function drupal_ucfirst($text) {
  // Note: no mbstring equivalent!
  return drupal_strtoupper(drupal_substr($text, 0, 1)) . drupal_substr($text, 1);
}

/**
 * Cuts off a piece of a string based on character indices and counts.
 *
 * Follows the same behavior as PHP's own substr() function. Note that for
 * cutting off a string at a known character/substring location, the usage of
 * PHP's normal strpos/substr is safe and much faster.
 *
 * @param $text
 *   The input string.
 * @param $start
 *   The position at which to start reading.
 * @param $length
 *   The number of characters to read.
 *
 * @return
 *   The shortened string.
 *
 * @ingroup php_wrappers
 */
function drupal_substr($text, $start, $length = NULL) {
  global $multibyte;
  if ($multibyte == UNICODE_MULTIBYTE) {
    return $length === NULL ? mb_substr($text, $start) : mb_substr($text, $start, $length);
  }
  else {
    $strlen = strlen($text);
    // Find the starting byte offset.
    $bytes = 0;
    if ($start > 0) {
      // Count all the continuation bytes from the start until we have found
      // $start characters or the end of the string.
      $bytes = -1; $chars = -1;
      while ($bytes < $strlen - 1 && $chars < $start) {
        $bytes++;
        $c = ord($text[$bytes]);
        if ($c < 0x80 || $c >= 0xC0) {
          $chars++;
        }
      }
    }
    elseif ($start < 0) {
      // Count all the continuation bytes from the end until we have found
      // abs($start) characters.
      $start = abs($start);
      $bytes = $strlen; $chars = 0;
      while ($bytes > 0 && $chars < $start) {
        $bytes--;
        $c = ord($text[$bytes]);
        if ($c < 0x80 || $c >= 0xC0) {
          $chars++;
        }
      }
    }
    $istart = $bytes;

    // Find the ending byte offset.
    if ($length === NULL) {
      $iend = $strlen;
    }
    elseif ($length > 0) {
      // Count all the continuation bytes from the starting index until we have
      // found $length characters or reached the end of the string, then
      // backtrace one byte.
      $iend = $istart - 1;
      $chars = -1;
      $last_real = FALSE;
      while ($iend < $strlen - 1 && $chars < $length) {
        $iend++;
        $c = ord($text[$iend]);
        $last_real = FALSE;
        if ($c < 0x80 || $c >= 0xC0) {
          $chars++;
          $last_real = TRUE;
        }
      }
      // Backtrace one byte if the last character we found was a real character
      // and we don't need it.
      if ($last_real && $chars >= $length) {
        $iend--;
      }
    }
    elseif ($length < 0) {
      // Count all the continuation bytes from the end until we have found
      // abs($start) characters, then backtrace one byte.
      $length = abs($length);
      $iend = $strlen; $chars = 0;
      while ($iend > 0 && $chars < $length) {
        $iend--;
        $c = ord($text[$iend]);
        if ($c < 0x80 || $c >= 0xC0) {
          $chars++;
        }
      }
      // Backtrace one byte if we are not at the beginning of the string.
      if ($iend > 0) {
        $iend--;
      }
    }
    else {
      // $length == 0, return an empty string.
      return '';
    }

    return substr($text, $istart, max(0, $iend - $istart + 1));
  }
}